giulio@gabaldo.com

ESTERS OF ORGANIC ACIDS MFCA (BUTYRIC, CAPRYLIC, CAPRIC, PROPIONIC LAURIC) SHORT AND MEDIUM CHAIN MCFA (MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS) ESTERIFIED WITH GLYCEROL IN ANIMAL NUTRITION

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The zootechnical challenge of the next few years that will affect health and productivity in the industrial livestock sector will be to be able to control the oxidative stress of farmed animals by associating at the same time alternative products to the use of antibiotics (antibiotic-free) in order to contain the main problems of the digestive system through the use of natural products and the use of phyto-derivatives with a degree of purity and intracellular concentration obtained “mechanically” without the use of “chemical contaminants” such as solvents with repercussions on animal health , of the environment and of people by combining polyphenols, bioflavonoids, medicinal plant products with anti-inflammatory and medicinal action, MCFA (medium and short chain fatty acids esterified with glycerol) associated with controllers and stimulators of the digestive microbiome such as -pre-postbiotics ( Dr. Giulio Gabaldo – 2018)

BACTERICIDE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF MCFA

(by Ward Dean, MD and Jim English – 2013)

The antibacterial action of the acid depends on the variation of the pH in general. At low pH values ​​they increase the concentration of MCFA (<C4) need to be in the undissociated state to enter the bacterial cell. After entering the cell, the high intracellular pH value leads to their dissociation. The lowering of the internal pH then disrupts the normal metabolism (Ricke, 2003). On the other hand, when the pH rises, it totally loses this ability. Consequently, the antibacterial action is expressed only if the MCFA remains undissociated, that is, in an environment <4.5. When the pH rises ± 7, (second part of the intestine) the MCFA lose this ability and to enter they need the action of the aguaporins which are intrinsic proteins found in the cell membrane wall and which allow the flow of water. in  bidirectional sense. Two families of aquaporins have been identified:
a) Specific aquaporins: they only allow the transport of water. The channel is in fact made up exclusively of amino acids, which only bind water molecules while other ions and molecules do not pass through this channel.
b) Aquaglyceroporins: these also allow the passage of water, but unlike the previous ones, they allow the passage of glycerol and other neutral molecules connected to it.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESTERS OF MCFA ESTERIFIEDWITH GLYCEROL (by SILO – SpA- FI)

1) Non-esterified MCFA can have an anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial action only in the 1st part of the intestine (small intestine 2) where the pH is still low (± 4). After that, with the balancing of the pH by the bile to pH ± 7, they become inactive. Increasing the dosages causes loss of appetite and a corrosive action on the intestinal wall.

2) MCFA esterified with glycerol, having a stable covalent bond, can “go down” in the lower part of the intestine (fat n ° 3 and 4) in an unaltered form and by means of the aquaglyceroporin mechanism they can “hook” the pathogenic germs (using the glycerol as a transport carrier)

CONCLUSIONS: through the use of esterifieds with MCFA glycerol an effective antibacterial action is obtained without the use of antibiotics ( antibiotic free) on the main intestinal pathogenic families of swine, poultry, horses, etc. (Coli, Clostridia, Salmonella, Brachispira, Rhodococcus, etc.) obtaining at the same time an anti-inflammatory action without harming the positive lactic population of  the intestine

 

A “sneaky” and “expensive” problem: Coccidiosis and Cryptosporidiosis in calves, little buffalo, lambs and goat kids

A “sneaky” and “expensive” problem: Coccidiosis and Cryptosporidiosis in calves, little buffalo, lambs and goat kids

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In young ruminants during weaning (calves, lambs, little capes and buffalettos) diarrhea is considered one of the most important problems affecting the mortality rate of a farm. Among the primary causes we find in the weaning and weaning phase is Coccidiosis (Emeria) and Cryptosporidiosis (or occult spores) whose main forms belong to Cryptosporidium spp. 

The “oocysts” once taken orally by young animals (water, fodder and / or contaminated food) are immediately released into the intestine attacking the intestinal villus where it can persist even for two months. While Cryptosporidiosis can also appear in the first days of life (due to contamination by the mother) Coccidiosis generally strikes during weaning or at the moment of transition between the “milky” and “vegetable” diet.

( by – Management of the Scouring Calf For Irish Farmers, Advisors, Vets -TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP –  Doblin 2011 )

Cryptosporidiosis

 The spores (oocysts) of cryptosporids, once taken orally by calves (water, environment, forages) are active.

Very few are needed to release the sporozoites that colonize the epithelial cells that line the intestinal villi and to manifest the disease.

Contamination occurs orally or from water or food or from a contaminated environment where they can persist from 2 to 6 months. Cryptosporidiosis can also occur at the 3rd-5th day of life but the majority occurs at 2 weeks of age. It is a very contagious disease that manifests itself with diarrhea, anorexia and dehydration even if it rarely leads to the death of calves, as long as they do not involve infections of secondary origin (coli, etc … and / or viral). The course goes from 4 to 18 days and depending on how much and how the villi of the intestine are affected, the appearance of the “diarrhea” (light, dark, etc …) will change.

The trend is strongly influenced by the state of the immune system as well as the expulsion of the oocysts occurs through the feces as early as the 16th day of life. The main form of prophylaxis is:

  1. environmental hygiene, ie preventing the calf from taking on the oocysts
  2. an adequate immune system following a correct intake of good quality colostrum (NUTRICOL IGG> 18%)

 

Coccidiosis

The infection normally occurs orally (oral-faecal) and spreads with mature oocysts. The fodder and / or water is transmitted directly or through food.

The organism reproduces in the intestine of the host, and thousands of oocysts come to contaminate the environment through feces.

In adequate temperature, humidity and oxygen conditions, the oocysts mature in side of the calf between 3 and 7 days and become able to infect the animal.

Each mature oocyst contains eight “sporozoites”, each of which is able to enter an animal’s intestinal cell after ingesting oocysts and so on. About 70% occurs in the small intestine and where the greatest damage to the intestinal villi occurs

The normal consequences include a loss of absorption surface during the small intestine and a reduced ability to absorb necessary nutrients.

 

In growing calves coccidiosis has a strong negative impact on the future production performance of cows, buffaloes, goats and dairy sheep.

In all species and in most cases only liquid stools and weight loss are evident, subclinical infections, in fact, are the most expensive since young growing animals (calves, buffaloes, goats and lambs) do not take advantage of the “peak of growth “in the moment of greatest need or in the post-weaning period.

 

 

Differential prevention protocol

Protozoa diseases Cryptosporidiosis Coccidiosis
Factor Cryptosporidium spp

Eimeria bovis e Eimeria zuernii, etc.

Incubation   Tendenzialmente prima di 1 mese (5-15 gg)

Fine svezzamento ed l’inizio alimentazione  vegetale

First clinical signs 3-5 gg dopo ingestione oocisti

 

Durante il periodo di svezzamento

First diarrhea and / or liquid stools 4-5 gg dopo ingestione oocisti
Therapies Symptomatic products (rehydrating and dietetic) Administer feed concentrates and / or feed supplements with “anticoccidials” in the weaning phase
Prevention regulations

1)Use of “potentially effective” colostrum or strengthen the mother’s colostrum (create a company colostrum bank)

2) Complete and radical cleaning of environments and equipment for feeding young animals

3) maximum isolation ofaffected subjects who are nevertheless last fed

4) Registration of affected animals

1) Hygiene and cleaning of environments and equipment for the feeding of young subjects

2) Use of “suitable and good quality” feeds such as cereals for the weaning of young subjects (whole grain and / or extruded barley grains) hay of “excellent” quality grasses, the least contaminated by land as possible

3) If you animals are at risk (in practice almost all farms), administer “coccidiostatic” or medicated feed (with veterinary prescription) and / or specific phytoterapic  products supplements at the beginning of the weaning phase for about 1 month (ex: Alicox granulé)
Disinfection Sunburn and aeration and in addition disinfect with “disinfectants with a strong peroxidant action (7.5% hydrogen peroxide) and / or chloramine T 99% at 0.5% and / or Creolina 0.5 – 1%  

 

Supplement for farmers

 

 

Premix for feed factor

 

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Fourth part

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Fourth part

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ANTIOXIDANT PRODUCTS OF COFATHIM-NUTRIVIT®

  • NAT® (industrial premix – cold granulated feed <35C ° under vacuum with 24 months of expiry) for feed based on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ω3 from liver oil of Halibut (or alternatively for feed intended for the production of Parmigiano – Reggiano and / or Grana Padano from a complex phyto-derivative obtained mechanically at low temperature (<35C °) for the extraction of the intracellular part of plants rich in Vitamin Retinoids), of natural Retinol (approximately 100,000,000.00 IU per Kg) adsorbed on a pool of marine algae very rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ω 3 containing ( about of 15% of Omega3) with added Vitamin D 3 .
  • NAT P 5 granulé (feed supplement) based on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ω3 from liver oil from Halibut (or alternatively for cows producing milk for the production of Parmigiano-Reggiano and / or Grana Padano from a phyto-derived complex obtained mechanically at low temperature (<35C °) of the intracellular part of plants rich in Retinoid Vitamers) containing approximately 10.000.000,00 IU / kg, added to high doses of Vitamin E, organic Selenium and Zinc in chelated form.
  • ANTIOXI POLIPHENOL PLUS ( feed supplement) in a soluble liquid emulsion based on a mix of antioxidants such as Falvonoids, natural polyphenols and Vitamin C, of different origins, enriched with α-tocopheryl acetate 98% or o Vitamin E at 2.0%).
  • NAT® Selé – (feed supplement in emulsion soluble ) with 20% α-tocopheryl-acetate Vit. E + Se with high assimilation.
  • FEED CONTROL (feed supplement in flour) based on a phyto-derivative complex obtained mechanically at low temperature (<35C °) for the extraction of the intracellular part of plants rich in antioxidants (Falvonoids, natural Polyphenols and Vitamin C, of different origin ) and officinal plants with bacteriostatic action (eg: garlic, willow, ginger, turmeric, etc …).
  • CITRONAT® PHYTODIAR PIG granulé (industrial feed premix for piglets) cold granulated (<35C °) under vacuum based on Fatty Acids Ω3 Polyinsulators from Halibut liver oil adsorbed on a pool of marine algae α-tocopheryl-acetate 98% Vitamine E is more one pool of polyphenols and biofalvonoids derived from multiple varieties of citricus, mix of acidifiers, natural-based anti-inflammatories, a latest-generation post-biotic for the regulation of intestinal microsism and a mix of phyto-derivatives obtained mechanically at low temperature ( <35C °) of the intracellular part for the control of intestinal bacterial forms of piglets).
  • CITROENAT® granulè (industrial premix for piglets feed) cold-pressed (<35C °) empty-coat (24 months expiry) based on Fatty Acids Ω3 Polyinsulators from Halibut liver oil adsorbed on a seaweed pool, with α-tocopheryl acetate 98% Vitamin E mixed with polyphenols and bioflavonoids derived from a mix of Citricus varieties).

For further information and information on the topics covered and technical material in general such as Labels, Technical Notes and Safety Data Sheets, Quality Certificates (ISO. 22000, GMP +, FCA) and Compliance please contact the author directly for E-mail giulio@gabaldo.com

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The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Third part

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Third part

Uncategorized

Evaluation systems for the antioxidant capacity of a food

There are practically two systems for evaluating the potential ability to act as an antioxidant for a given food, or to interfere with the metabolic and immune systems of animals:

  • The equivalent antioxidant capacity TEAC (in Trolox) or the equivalent antioxidant capacity of Trolox (TEAC) which measures the antioxidant capacity of a particular substance, compared to the standard, or Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid). It is a water-soluble analogue of Vitamin E. The equivalent antioxidant capacity of Trolox (TEAC) is a Trolox-based antioxidant resistance measurement, measured in units called Trolox micromol ITE, e.g. micromol / 100 g (in vitro examination). Due to the difficulty of measuring the individual antioxidant components of a complex mixture (eg: citrus fruits, olives, blueberries, tomatoes, green tea, etc …), the equivalence of Trolox is , today, used as a reference for the antioxidant capacity of this mixture. The equivalence of Trolox is often measured using the antioxidant capacity of foods (foods rich in polyphenols including those for zootechnical use) as in the ability to reduce plasma iron (FRAP). This test is performed in vitro and only measures the potential antioxidant capacity of the food as a standard value, without verifying its activity at the metabolic level. This method expresses a scale of values called ORAC (Oxigen Radicals Absorbance Capacity).
  • KRL Test (by M. Prost, Kirial – Spirial – Patent M. PROST / SPIRAL – October 2003) KRL test instead provides instead a measure of the status of a subject’s anti-radical global defenses and determines the defensive potential against the free radicals of various products (vitamins, foods, spices, etc …) The test in practice simulates an oxidative attack “type” of red blood cells in a controlled and standardized environment.

Example of ORAC scale

When comparing ORAC (TERAC) data, care must be taken to ensure that the units and the food that is compared are similar. Some evaluations, in fact, will have to be evaluated for ORAC units per gram of dry weight of the fresh whole food (ex: fruit) or of the dry ground or frozen fruit. In each evaluation, different foods may appear with higher ORAC values, therefore it is necessary to compare them with the same parameters (dry, dehydrated and / or whole, etc …)
(eg: in the same way, the large content of water in the watermelon can make it appear as if this fruit were low in ORAC, which is not exact).
Likewise, the typical amount of food used for herbs and spices must be taken into consideration by applying the ORAC scale, but in much lower quantities since we talk about intact whole food concentrates.
Nowadays numerous companies and marketing of food and dietary beverages, animal premixes, etc … have incorrectly capitalized their ORAC rating by promoting the products declared “high in ORAC or TEAC“. As most of these ORAC values are not been objectively validated by independent bodies and / or institutions or subjected to partial revisions for publication in scientific literature, in many cases they remain unconfirmed and not scientifically credible and may mislead users. The Department of Agriculture and Health of the United States (USA) withdrew its reliability in 2012 as biologically invalid, stating that “the data relating to the antioxidant capacity of foods generated by in vitro (test-tube) cannot be extrapolated to the in vivo effects (both for people that animals) and clinical trials to test the benefits of dietary antioxidants have pros unreliable”.

KRL test for resistance to oxidizing factors (by Dr. Michel Prost –SPIRAL – 2003)

KRL test provides a measure of the status of a person’s ( or animal’s )global anti-radical defenses and determines the defensive potential against free radicals of various products (vitamins, antioxidants, foods or feed, etc.)
The test in practice simulates an oxidative attack “type” of red blood cells in a controlled and standardized environment. Under these conditions, the erythrocytes are not affected by other enzyme factors and molecular structures to withstand the oxidative attack until the cell membrane alters to the point of losing their cellular content. The resistance of the erythrocytes tested is therefore expressed by the time taken to release 50% of the hemoglobin content.

The importance of the KRL test is due to provides a measure of the status of a person’s or animal’s global anti-radical defenses and determines the defensive potential against free radicals of various products (vitamins, antioxidants, foods, etc.).The test in practice simulates an oxidative attack “type” of red blood cells in a controlled and standardized environment. Under these conditions, the erythrocytes are not affected by other enzyme factors and molecular structures to withstand the oxidative attack until the cell membrane alters to the point of losing their cellular content. The resistance of the erythrocytes tested is therefore expressed by the time taken to release 50% of the hemoglobin content.

METHOD FOR CARRYING OUT THE KRL TEST (Prost-Spiral patent)

Application of the KRL test

The application of the KIT Radicaux Libres (KRL) was evaluated to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the total blood in pigs (and also in the other animal species). The KRL has also been validated by the FDA – USA and European EFSA and is now considered the most reliable and widely used test in humans to evaluate the effectiveness of natural or pharmaceutical treatments to evaluate natural antioxidant activities (polyphenols and bioflavonoids) or synthetic (vitamin E and vitamin C). The test is recommended as an effective tool for assessing the antioxidant activity of food ingredients in food for pigs (by Rossi R, Pastorelli G, Corino C- Res Vet Sci 2013 Apr).

The principle of RESEDA (Réserves de Défenses Anti Radicalaires – Patent M. PROST / SPIRAL – October 2003)

It has been shown that cells subjected to the metabolic stress of free radicals have the ability to increase their cellular defense systems by accumulating a defense potential against the ones they use in case of need (oxidative stress). This potential changes according to the physiological conditions in which the organism is located and according to the amount of anti free radicals (in practice antioxidants) that the cell has managed to accumulate. This principle (RESEDA) in practice demonstrates the ability of “cellular self-defense” using the accumulated antioxidants (principle patented by Dr. Michel Prost / Spiral October 2003).

SOURCES OF FREE RADICALS (by M.Prost))

CELLULAR DEFENSES AGAINST FREE RADICALS (by M.prost))

CINETIC OF HEMOLYSIS ( by M.Prost )

Results on blood of subjects treated with antioxidants

TEST DONE ON TREATED AND NON-TREATED PIGS WITH ANTIOXIDANTS (by M.prost)

Juridical recognition at French level and validated by the EU of the KRL test

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Second part

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Second part

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Vitamin E or α-tocopherol

Its activity is mostly focused on the antioxidant action towards to of Carotenes family and Retinol.
The action is attributable to the ability to “break” the chain reactions that produce “free radicals” protagonists of peroxidation.

Since almost all cell membranes are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, the more or less pronounced presence of glutathione-peroxidase (Vitamin E + Selenium) affects the best structural and functional integrity of cell membrane.

The “vitamers” are the tocopherols of which the most active is α-tocopherol. Tocopherols are naturally synthesized from superior vegetables and are mostly found in the form of free alcohols in seeds and leaves.
The metabolic role of Vitamin as an antioxidant factor, in the prevention of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, a key phenomenon in the development of the fat peroxidation process.

The action of “free radicals” develops through chain reactions that continue the process therefore Vitamin E is:
a) capable of blocking this phenomenon by donating a hydrogen atom (oxidation) to peroxy lipidic radicals, thus making them less reactive and effectively blocking lipid peroxidation.
b) it was shown that tocopherol can interfere with the activity of certain calcium / phospholipid-dependent kinases or protein kinases C (PKCs) interacting directly acting as an anti-proliferative on tumor cells. The action of tocopherol as such or as an organic derivative (succinate) on the growth of malignant cells has been proven for some time.

A group of Italian researchers from the University of Ann Harbor in Michigan has discovered how tocopherol can exert direct effects on gene expression. The studies of this group led to the discovery of a cellular cytoplasm protein able to bind tocopherol (Tocopheryl-Activated Protein-1; TAP-1) and to program the expression of specific genes.
The coordinated action of these genes would allow specific responses at the cardiovascular, immunological, nervous and cartilaginous levels.

The actions and mechanisms by which vitamin E acts in the body were almost completely obscure until a decade ago.
This reaction called “redox” transforms vitamin E into an α-tocoploxylic radical which is very stable, thanks to the development of resonance phenomena, and which can react with Vitamin C or glutathione or Co-enzyme Q10 to reform the α-tocopherol. Since the development of lipid peroxidation can determine profound alterations of cell membranes, we understand why vitamin E is recognized as having an important role in keeping these structures undamaged.

This is also verified by the fact that red blood cells (erythrocytes), which are particularly subjected to oxidative stress, are affected quite early by vitamin E deficiencies, becoming more sensitive to haemolysis. (test by KRL- M.Prost – Spiral). Vitamin E also regulates the activity of two enzymes (lipoxygenesis and cyclooxygenesis) involved in the formation of compounds capable of mediating platelet aggregation phenomena which are accentuated by the lack of the vitamin (prostanoids)

Bioflavonoids and polyphenols and their antioxidant role

They constitute a family of a few thousand (more than 5000) of natural and semi-natural organic molecules widely found in the plant kingdom. It is a very large group of derivatives of the secondary metabolism of plants and is characterized, as the name indicates, by the presence of multiple associated phenolic groups in more or less complex structures generally of high molecular weight such as highly polymerized phenolic acids such as tannins (not soluble) The number and characteristics of these phenolic structures underline the unique physical, chemical, and biological (metabolic, toxic, therapeutic, etc.) properties of particular members of the polyphenol class. The number and characteristics of these phenolic structures underline the unique.