giulio@gabaldo.com
A “sneaky” and “expensive” problem: Coccidiosis and Cryptosporidiosis in calves, little buffalo, lambs and goat kids

A “sneaky” and “expensive” problem: Coccidiosis and Cryptosporidiosis in calves, little buffalo, lambs and goat kids

In young ruminants during weaning (calves, lambs, little capes and buffalettos) diarrhea is considered one of the most important problems affecting the mortality rate of a farm. Among the primary causes we find in the weaning and weaning phase is Coccidiosis (Emeria) and Cryptosporidiosis (or occult spores) whose main forms belong to Cryptosporidium spp. 

The “oocysts” once taken orally by young animals (water, fodder and / or contaminated food) are immediately released into the intestine attacking the intestinal villus where it can persist even for two months. While Cryptosporidiosis can also appear in the first days of life (due to contamination by the mother) Coccidiosis generally strikes during weaning or at the moment of transition between the “milky” and “vegetable” diet.

( by – Management of the Scouring Calf For Irish Farmers, Advisors, Vets -TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP –  Doblin 2011 )

Cryptosporidiosis

 The spores (oocysts) of cryptosporids, once taken orally by calves (water, environment, forages) are active.

Very few are needed to release the sporozoites that colonize the epithelial cells that line the intestinal villi and to manifest the disease.

Contamination occurs orally or from water or food or from a contaminated environment where they can persist from 2 to 6 months. Cryptosporidiosis can also occur at the 3rd-5th day of life but the majority occurs at 2 weeks of age. It is a very contagious disease that manifests itself with diarrhea, anorexia and dehydration even if it rarely leads to the death of calves, as long as they do not involve infections of secondary origin (coli, etc … and / or viral). The course goes from 4 to 18 days and depending on how much and how the villi of the intestine are affected, the appearance of the “diarrhea” (light, dark, etc …) will change.

The trend is strongly influenced by the state of the immune system as well as the expulsion of the oocysts occurs through the feces as early as the 16th day of life. The main form of prophylaxis is:

  1. environmental hygiene, ie preventing the calf from taking on the oocysts
  2. an adequate immune system following a correct intake of good quality colostrum (NUTRICOL IGG> 18%)

 

Coccidiosis

The infection normally occurs orally (oral-faecal) and spreads with mature oocysts. The fodder and / or water is transmitted directly or through food.

The organism reproduces in the intestine of the host, and thousands of oocysts come to contaminate the environment through feces.

In adequate temperature, humidity and oxygen conditions, the oocysts mature in side of the calf between 3 and 7 days and become able to infect the animal.

Each mature oocyst contains eight “sporozoites”, each of which is able to enter an animal’s intestinal cell after ingesting oocysts and so on. About 70% occurs in the small intestine and where the greatest damage to the intestinal villi occurs

The normal consequences include a loss of absorption surface during the small intestine and a reduced ability to absorb necessary nutrients.

 

In growing calves coccidiosis has a strong negative impact on the future production performance of cows, buffaloes, goats and dairy sheep.

In all species and in most cases only liquid stools and weight loss are evident, subclinical infections, in fact, are the most expensive since young growing animals (calves, buffaloes, goats and lambs) do not take advantage of the “peak of growth “in the moment of greatest need or in the post-weaning period.

 

 

Differential prevention protocol

Protozoa diseases Cryptosporidiosis Coccidiosis
Factor Cryptosporidium spp

Eimeria bovis e Eimeria zuernii, etc.

Incubation   Tendenzialmente prima di 1 mese (5-15 gg)

Fine svezzamento ed l’inizio alimentazione  vegetale

First clinical signs 3-5 gg dopo ingestione oocisti

 

Durante il periodo di svezzamento

First diarrhea and / or liquid stools 4-5 gg dopo ingestione oocisti
Therapies Symptomatic products (rehydrating and dietetic) Administer feed concentrates and / or feed supplements with “anticoccidials” in the weaning phase
Prevention regulations

1)Use of “potentially effective” colostrum or strengthen the mother’s colostrum (create a company colostrum bank)

2) Complete and radical cleaning of environments and equipment for feeding young animals

3) maximum isolation ofaffected subjects who are nevertheless last fed

4) Registration of affected animals

1) Hygiene and cleaning of environments and equipment for the feeding of young subjects

2) Use of “suitable and good quality” feeds such as cereals for the weaning of young subjects (whole grain and / or extruded barley grains) hay of “excellent” quality grasses, the least contaminated by land as possible

3) If you animals are at risk (in practice almost all farms), administer “coccidiostatic” or medicated feed (with veterinary prescription) and / or specific phytoterapic  products supplements at the beginning of the weaning phase for about 1 month (ex: Alicox granulé)

Disinfection Sunburn and aeration and in addition disinfect with “disinfectants with a strong peroxidant action (7.5% hydrogen peroxide) and / or chloramine T 99% at 0.5% and / or Creolina 0.5 – 1%  

 

Supplement for farmers

 

 

Premix for feed factor

 

Un problema “subdolo”  e “costoso”: Coccidiosi e Cryptosporidiosi nei vitelli, bufaletti, agnelli e capretti da ristallo

Un problema “subdolo” e “costoso”: Coccidiosi e Cryptosporidiosi nei vitelli, bufaletti, agnelli e capretti da ristallo

Nei ruminanti in fase di svezzamenti (vitelli, agnelli, capretti e bufaletti),  la diarrea è considerata  uno dei problemi più importanti che incide sul tasso di mortalità di un allevamento. Tra le primarie cause troviamo, in fase di svezzamento e post- svezzamento , la coccidiosi ( Emeria ) e la criptosporidiosi ( spore occulte ) le cui forme principali appartengono in genere a Cryptosporidium spp.

Le “oocisti” una volta assunte per via orale dai giovani animali ( acqua, foraggi e/o alimenti contaminati ) si liberano immediatamente  nell’intestino attaccando il villo intestinale dove possono persistere anche per due mesi. Mentre la criptosporidiosi può comparire anche nei primi giorni di vita ( per contaminazione della madre ). La coccidiosi generalmente colpisce durante lo svezzamento  ovvero nel momento di passaggio tra l’alimentazione “ lattea” e quella “vegetale”.

( by – Management of the Scouring Calf For Irish Farmers, Advisors, Vets -TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP –  Doblin 2011 )

Criptosporidiosi

 Le  spore ( oocisti ) dei criptosporidi, una volta assunte per via orale dai vitelli, ( acqua, ambiente,  foraggi ) diventano attive.

Ne bastano molto poche per liberare gli sporozoiti che colonizzano le cellule epiteliali che rivestono i villi intestinali per poi manifestare  la malattia. 

La contaminazione avviene per via orale o da acqua , dagli alimenti o da un ambiente contaminato dove possono persistere da  2 fino a 6 mesi.   La criptosporidiosi si può manifestare anche al 3°-5° giorno di vita  ma la maggior parte si ha a 2 settimane d’età. È una patologia molto contagiosa che si  manifesta con diarrea, anoressia e disidratazione anche se raramente porta la morte del vitello, sempre ché  non intervengano infezioni di origine secondaria ( coli, etc…e/o virali). Il decorso va dai 4 ai 18 giorni e a seconda di quanto e come i villi dell’intestino vengono colpiti, cambierà l’aspetto della “ diarrea “ ( chiara, scura, etc…). L’andamento è fortemente condizionato  dallo stato del sistema immunitario così come il decorso. L’espulsione delle oocisti avviene attraverso le feci  già al 16° giorno di vita.  

La principale   forma   di  profilassi è

  1. l’igiene dell’ambiente, ossia  impedire che il vitello assuma le oocisti
  2. un sistema immunitario adeguato a seguito di una corretta assunzione di colostro di buona qualità (NUTRICOL IGG>18%)

 

Coccidiosi

 L’infezione avviene normalmente per via orale ( oro-fecale )  e si diffonde con le oocisti mature. La trasmissione avviene direttamente o attraverso gli alimenti i foraggi e/o l’acqua.

L’organismo riproduce nell’intestino dell’ospite migliaia di oocisti che vanno a contaminare l’ambiente attraverso le feci.

In adeguate condizioni come temperatura, umidità e ossigeno, le oocisti maturano all’interno del vitello tra 3 e 7 gg e diventano in grado di infettare l’animale.

Ogni oocisti matura contiene otto “ sporozoiti”, ciascuno dei quali è in grado di entrare in una cellula intestinale dell’animale dopo l’ingestione oocisti e così via. Il 70 % circa avviene nell’intestino tenue, dove avvengono i danni maggiori ai villi intestinali.

Le conseguenze normali includono: una perdita della superficie di assorbimento durante l’intestino tenue e una ridotta capacità di assorbire nutrienti necessari.

Nei vitelli in crescita la coccidiosi ha un forte impatto negativo sulle future performance produttive delle bovine, bufale, capre e pecore da latte.

In tutte le specie e nella maggioranza dei casi si evidenzia solo feci liquide  e perdita di peso. Le infezioni subcliniche, infatti, sono le più costose poiché i giovani animali in crescita ( vitelle, bufalette, caprette ed agnelle ) non sfruttano il “ picco di crescita” nel momento di maggior necessità ovvero nel post svezzamento.  

 

Protocollo di prevenzione differenziale

Patogie protozoarie Criptosporidiosi Coccidiosi
Agente Cryptosporidium spp Eimeria bovis e Eimeria zuernii, etc.
Incubazione Tendenzialmente prima di 1 mese (5-15 gg) Fine svezzamento ed inizio alimentazione  vegetale
Prime manifestazioni 3-5 gg dopo ingestione oocisti Durante il periodo di svezzamento
Prima diarrea e/o feci liquide 4-5 gg dopo ingestione oocisti
Terapie Prodotti sintomatici ( reidratanti e dietetici ) Somministrare  concentrati e/o supplementi alimentari con “anticoccidici” nella fase di svezzamento
Norme di prevenzione

1) Impiego di colostro  “potenzialmente efficace” o potenziare il colostro della madre (Banca del colostro aziendale)

2) Pulizia completa e radicale degli ambienti e attrezzatura per l’alimentazione dei giovani animali

3) Massimo isolamento dei soggetti  colpiti che vanno comunque alimentati per ultimi

4) Registrazione degli animali colpiti

1) Igiene e pulizia di ambienti  ed attrezzatura per l’alimentazione dei giovani soggetti

2) Impiego di alimenti “ idonei e di buona qualità” come ad esempio i cereali  per lo svezzamento  dei giovani soggetti  ( granella intera di mais e/o schiacciato di orzo)  fieno di graminacee di “ ottima”  qualità il meno contaminati da terra possibile

3) Se  si è a rischio( in pratica lo sono quasi tutti gli allevamenti )  somministrare prodotti  ad azione

 “ coccidiostatica”  o con mangimi medicati  ( con prescrizione veterinaria )  e/o attraverso prodotti fitoterapici  specifici  all’inizio della fase di svezzamento per circa 1 mese (es: Alicox granulé )

Disinfezione Solarizzazione ed aereazione  ed in più  disinfettare con prodotti  disinfettanti a forte azione perossidante ( Acqua ossigenata  al 7,5% ) e/o Cloramina T 99%  al 0,5% e/o Creolina 0,5 – 1%  

 

Prodotto per allevatori

 

 

Premiscela industriale

 

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Fourth part

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Fourth part

ANTIOXIDANT PRODUCTS OF COFATHIM-NUTRIVIT®

  • NAT® (industrial premix – cold granulated feed <35C ° under vacuum with 24 months of expiry) for feed based on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ω3 from liver oil of Halibut (or alternatively for feed intended for the production of Parmigiano – Reggiano and / or Grana Padano from a complex phyto-derivative obtained mechanically at low temperature (<35C °) for the extraction of the intracellular part of plants rich in Vitamin Retinoids), of natural Retinol (approximately 100,000,000.00 IU per Kg) adsorbed on a pool of marine algae very rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ω 3 containing ( about of 15% of Omega3) with added Vitamin D 3 .
  • NAT P 5 granulé (feed supplement) based on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ω3 from liver oil from Halibut (or alternatively for cows producing milk for the production of Parmigiano-Reggiano and / or Grana Padano from a phyto-derived complex obtained mechanically at low temperature (<35C °) of the intracellular part of plants rich in Retinoid Vitamers) containing approximately 10.000.000,00 IU / kg, added to high doses of Vitamin E, organic Selenium and Zinc in chelated form.
  • ANTIOXI POLIPHENOL PLUS ( feed supplement) in a soluble liquid emulsion based on a mix of antioxidants such as Falvonoids, natural polyphenols and Vitamin C, of different origins, enriched with α-tocopheryl acetate 98% or o Vitamin E at 2.0%).
  • NAT® Selé – (feed supplement in emulsion soluble ) with 20% α-tocopheryl-acetate Vit. E + Se with high assimilation.
  • FEED CONTROL (feed supplement in flour) based on a phyto-derivative complex obtained mechanically at low temperature (<35C °) for the extraction of the intracellular part of plants rich in antioxidants (Falvonoids, natural Polyphenols and Vitamin C, of different origin ) and officinal plants with bacteriostatic action (eg: garlic, willow, ginger, turmeric, etc …).
  • CITRONAT® PHYTODIAR PIG granulé (industrial feed premix for piglets) cold granulated (<35C °) under vacuum based on Fatty Acids Ω3 Polyinsulators from Halibut liver oil adsorbed on a pool of marine algae α-tocopheryl-acetate 98% Vitamine E is more one pool of polyphenols and biofalvonoids derived from multiple varieties of citricus, mix of acidifiers, natural-based anti-inflammatories, a latest-generation post-biotic for the regulation of intestinal microsism and a mix of phyto-derivatives obtained mechanically at low temperature ( <35C °) of the intracellular part for the control of intestinal bacterial forms of piglets).
  • CITROENAT® granulè (industrial premix for piglets feed) cold-pressed (<35C °) empty-coat (24 months expiry) based on Fatty Acids Ω3 Polyinsulators from Halibut liver oil adsorbed on a seaweed pool, with α-tocopheryl acetate 98% Vitamin E mixed with polyphenols and bioflavonoids derived from a mix of Citricus varieties).

For further information and information on the topics covered and technical material in general such as Labels, Technical Notes and Safety Data Sheets, Quality Certificates (ISO. 22000, GMP +, FCA) and Compliance please contact the author directly for E-mail giulio@gabaldo.com

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  44. Kelishadi R., Gidding S.S., Hashemi M., Hashemipour M., Zakerameli A., Poursafa P. Acute and long term effects of grape and pomegranate juice consumption on endothelial dysfunction in pediatric metabolic syndrome. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2011;16:245–253. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  45. Grassi D., Desideri G., Di Giosia P., De Feo M., Fellini E., Cheli P., Ferri L., Ferri C. Tea, flavonoids, and cardiovascular health: Endothelial protection. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;98:1660S–1666S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058313. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  46. Morillas-Ruiz J., Zafrilla P., Almar M., Cuevas M.J., López F.J., Abellán P., Villegas J.A., González-Gallego J. The effects of an antioxidant-supplemented beverage on exercise-induced oxidative stress: Results from a placebo-controlled double-blind study in cyclists. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005;95:543–549. doi: 10.1007/s00421-005-0017-4. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  47. Powers S.K., De Ruisseau K.C., Quindry J., Hamilton K.L. Dietary antioxidants and exercise. J. Sports Sci. 2004;22:81–94. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140563. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  48. Tauler P., Aguiló A., Fuentespina G.E. Response of blood cell antioxidant enzyme defenses to antioxidant diet supplementation and to intense exercise. Eur. J. Nutr. 2006;45:187–195. doi: 10.1007/s00394-005-0582-7. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  49. MacRae H.S.H., Mefferd K.M. Dietary antioxidant supplementation combined with quercetin improves cycling time trial performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Met. 2006;16:405–419. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.405. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  50. Bloomer R.J., Goldfarb A.H., McKenzie M.J. Oxidative stress response to aerobic exercise: Comparison of antioxidant supplements. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006;38:1098–1105. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000222839.51144.3e. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Il ruolo e l’utilizzo degli antiossidanti in nutrizione e salute animale – Quarta parte

Il ruolo e l’utilizzo degli antiossidanti in nutrizione e salute animale – Quarta parte

PRODOTTI ANTIOSSIDANTI DELLA COFATHIM-NUTRIVIT®

  • NAT® ( premix industriale) per mangimi granulato a freddo < 35C° sotto-vuoto con 24 mesi di scadenza) a base di Acidi Grassi Polinsaturi Ω3 da olio di fegato di Halibut ( o in alternativa per il mangimi destinati alla produzione di Parmigiano – Reggiano e/o Grana Padano da un complesso fito-derivato ottenuto meccanicamente a bassa temperatura ( < 35C° ) per l’estrazione della parte intracellulare di piante ricche di Vitameri Retinoidi ), di Retinolo naturale ( all’incirca 100.000.000,00 U.I. per Kg ) adsorbito su un pool di alghe marine ricchissime di Acido Grassi Polinsaturi ? 3 contenente il 15% di Omega3 ) addizionato di Vitamina D 3.
  • NAT P 5 granulé (complemento alimentare)  a base di Acidi Grassi Polinsaturi Ω3 da olio di fegato di Halibut ( o in alternativa per le vacche produttrici di latte destinato alla produzione di  Parmigiano – Reggiano e/o Grana Padano da un complesso fito-derivato ottenuto meccanicamente a bassa temperatura ( < 35C° ) della parte intracellulare di  piante ricche di Vitameri Retinoidi) contenente  all’incirca 10.000.000,00 U.I./kg ), addizionato ad elevate dosi di Vitamina E, Selenio organico e Zinco in forma chelata.
  • ANTIOXI POLIPHENOL PLUS (supplemento alimentare in emulsione liquida solubile a base di un mix di antiossidanti tipo Falvonoidi, Polifenoli e Vitamina C  naturali, di diversa origine, arricchito di  α-tocoferil-acetato Vit. E al 2,0%).
  • NAT® Selé (supplemento alimentare in emulsione solubile con il 20% di α-tocoferil-acetato Vit. E + Se ad alta assimilazione).
  • FEED CONTROL  ( complemento alimentare in farina a base di complesso fito-derivato ottenuto meccanicamente a bassa temperatura ( < 35C° ) per l’estrazione della parte intracellulare di  piante ricche di antiossidanti ( Falvonoidi, Polifenoli e Vitamina C  naturali, di diversa origine ) e piante officinali ad azione batteriostatica (es: aglio, salice, zenzero, curcuma, etc…).
  • CITRONAT® Phytodiar PIG granulé (premiscela industriale per mangimi per suinetti ) granulato a freddo  ( < 35C°) sotto-vuoto  a base di Acidi Grassi Polinsatori Ω3 da olio di fegato di Halibut adsorbiti su un pool di alghe marine α-tocoferil-acetato Vit. E e un pool di Polifenoli e Biofalvonoidi derivato da varietà plurime di Citricus , un post-biotico di ultima generazione per la regolazione del microsismo intestinale  e mix di acidificanti e  antinfiammatori naturali a base di, un mix di fito-derivati ottenuto meccanicamente a bassa temperatura ( < 35C° ) della parte intracellulare per il controllo delle forme batteriche intestinali dei suinetti.
  • CITROENAT® granulè  ( premix industriale per mangimi per suinetti) granulato a freddo ( <35C °) sotto-vuoto ( 24 mesi di scadenza ) a base di Acidi Grassi Polinsaturi Ω3 da olio di fegato di Halibut adsorbito su un pool di alghe marine, con α-tocoferil acetato 98% Vitamina E  miscelata a polifenoli e bioflavonoidi derivati da un mix di varietà di Citricus.

Per approfondimenti ed informazioni in merito agli argomenti trattati  e materiale tecnico in genere come  Etichette, Note Tecniche e Schede di sicurezza, Certificati di Qualità  ( ISO. 22000, GMP +, FCA ) e di Conformità si prega di rivolgersi direttamente all’autore per E- mail  giulio@gabaldo.com

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  45. Grassi D., Desideri G., Di Giosia P., De Feo M., Fellini E., Cheli P., Ferri L., Ferri C. Tea, flavonoids, and cardiovascular health: Endothelial protection. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;98:1660S–1666S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058313. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  46. Morillas-Ruiz J., Zafrilla P., Almar M., Cuevas M.J., López F.J., Abellán P., Villegas J.A., González-Gallego J. The effects of an antioxidant-supplemented beverage on exercise-induced oxidative stress: Results from a placebo-controlled double-blind study in cyclists. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005;95:543–549. doi: 10.1007/s00421-005-0017-4. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  47. Powers S.K., De Ruisseau K.C., Quindry J., Hamilton K.L. Dietary antioxidants and exercise. J. Sports Sci. 2004;22:81–94. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140563. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  48. Tauler P., Aguiló A., Fuentespina G.E. Response of blood cell antioxidant enzyme defenses to antioxidant diet supplementation and to intense exercise. Eur. J. Nutr. 2006;45:187–195. doi: 10.1007/s00394-005-0582-7. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  49. MacRae H.S.H., Mefferd K.M. Dietary antioxidant supplementation combined with quercetin improves cycling time trial performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Met. 2006;16:405–419. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.405. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  50. Bloomer R.J., Goldfarb A.H., McKenzie M.J. Oxidative stress response to aerobic exercise: Comparison of antioxidant supplements. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006;38:1098–1105. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000222839.51144.3e. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Third part

The role and use of antioxidants in nutrition and animal health – Third part

Evaluation systems for the antioxidant capacity of a food

There are practically two systems for evaluating the potential ability to act as an antioxidant for a given food, or to interfere with the metabolic and immune systems of animals:

  • The equivalent antioxidant capacity TEAC (in Trolox) or the equivalent antioxidant capacity of Trolox (TEAC) which measures the antioxidant capacity of a particular substance, compared to the standard, or Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid). It is a water-soluble analogue of Vitamin E. The equivalent antioxidant capacity of Trolox (TEAC) is a Trolox-based antioxidant resistance measurement, measured in units called Trolox micromol ITE, e.g. micromol / 100 g (in vitro examination). Due to the difficulty of measuring the individual antioxidant components of a complex mixture (eg: citrus fruits, olives, blueberries, tomatoes, green tea, etc …), the equivalence of Trolox is , today, used as a reference for the antioxidant capacity of this mixture. The equivalence of Trolox is often measured using the antioxidant capacity of foods (foods rich in polyphenols including those for zootechnical use) as in the ability to reduce plasma iron (FRAP). This test is performed in vitro and only measures the potential antioxidant capacity of the food as a standard value, without verifying its activity at the metabolic level. This method expresses a scale of values called ORAC (Oxigen Radicals Absorbance Capacity).
  • KRL Test (by M. Prost, Kirial – Spirial – Patent M. PROST / SPIRAL – October 2003) KRL test instead provides instead a measure of the status of a subject’s anti-radical global defenses and determines the defensive potential against the free radicals of various products (vitamins, foods, spices, etc …) The test in practice simulates an oxidative attack “type” of red blood cells in a controlled and standardized environment.

Example of ORAC scale

When comparing ORAC (TERAC) data, care must be taken to ensure that the units and the food that is compared are similar. Some evaluations, in fact, will have to be evaluated for ORAC units per gram of dry weight of the fresh whole food (ex: fruit) or of the dry ground or frozen fruit. In each evaluation, different foods may appear with higher ORAC values, therefore it is necessary to compare them with the same parameters (dry, dehydrated and / or whole, etc …)
(eg: in the same way, the large content of water in the watermelon can make it appear as if this fruit were low in ORAC, which is not exact).
Likewise, the typical amount of food used for herbs and spices must be taken into consideration by applying the ORAC scale, but in much lower quantities since we talk about intact whole food concentrates.
Nowadays numerous companies and marketing of food and dietary beverages, animal premixes, etc … have incorrectly capitalized their ORAC rating by promoting the products declared “high in ORAC or TEAC“. As most of these ORAC values are not been objectively validated by independent bodies and / or institutions or subjected to partial revisions for publication in scientific literature, in many cases they remain unconfirmed and not scientifically credible and may mislead users. The Department of Agriculture and Health of the United States (USA) withdrew its reliability in 2012 as biologically invalid, stating that “the data relating to the antioxidant capacity of foods generated by in vitro (test-tube) cannot be extrapolated to the in vivo effects (both for people that animals) and clinical trials to test the benefits of dietary antioxidants have pros unreliable”.

KRL test for resistance to oxidizing factors (by Dr. Michel Prost –SPIRAL – 2003)

KRL test provides a measure of the status of a person’s ( or animal’s )global anti-radical defenses and determines the defensive potential against free radicals of various products (vitamins, antioxidants, foods or feed, etc.)
The test in practice simulates an oxidative attack “type” of red blood cells in a controlled and standardized environment. Under these conditions, the erythrocytes are not affected by other enzyme factors and molecular structures to withstand the oxidative attack until the cell membrane alters to the point of losing their cellular content. The resistance of the erythrocytes tested is therefore expressed by the time taken to release 50% of the hemoglobin content.

The importance of the KRL test is due to provides a measure of the status of a person’s or animal’s global anti-radical defenses and determines the defensive potential against free radicals of various products (vitamins, antioxidants, foods, etc.).The test in practice simulates an oxidative attack “type” of red blood cells in a controlled and standardized environment. Under these conditions, the erythrocytes are not affected by other enzyme factors and molecular structures to withstand the oxidative attack until the cell membrane alters to the point of losing their cellular content. The resistance of the erythrocytes tested is therefore expressed by the time taken to release 50% of the hemoglobin content.

METHOD FOR CARRYING OUT THE KRL TEST (Prost-Spiral patent)

Application of the KRL test

The application of the KIT Radicaux Libres (KRL) was evaluated to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the total blood in pigs (and also in the other animal species). The KRL has also been validated by the FDA – USA and European EFSA and is now considered the most reliable and widely used test in humans to evaluate the effectiveness of natural or pharmaceutical treatments to evaluate natural antioxidant activities (polyphenols and bioflavonoids) or synthetic (vitamin E and vitamin C). The test is recommended as an effective tool for assessing the antioxidant activity of food ingredients in food for pigs (by Rossi R, Pastorelli G, Corino C- Res Vet Sci 2013 Apr).

The principle of RESEDA (Réserves de Défenses Anti Radicalaires – Patent M. PROST / SPIRAL – October 2003)

It has been shown that cells subjected to the metabolic stress of free radicals have the ability to increase their cellular defense systems by accumulating a defense potential against the ones they use in case of need (oxidative stress). This potential changes according to the physiological conditions in which the organism is located and according to the amount of anti free radicals (in practice antioxidants) that the cell has managed to accumulate. This principle (RESEDA) in practice demonstrates the ability of “cellular self-defense” using the accumulated antioxidants (principle patented by Dr. Michel Prost / Spiral October 2003).

SOURCES OF FREE RADICALS (by M.Prost))

CELLULAR DEFENSES AGAINST FREE RADICALS (by M.prost))

CINETIC OF HEMOLYSIS ( by M.Prost )

Results on blood of subjects treated with antioxidants

TEST DONE ON TREATED AND NON-TREATED PIGS WITH ANTIOXIDANTS (by M.prost)

Juridical recognition at French level and validated by the EU of the KRL test